Psat 2.1 10 User Manual

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1 First Contact

When you create an application using the rails command, you are in fact using a Rails generator. After that, you can get a list of all available generators by just invoking bin/rails generate:

To create a rails application we use the rails global command, the rails gem installed via gem install rails. When inside the directory of your application, we use the command bin/rails which uses the bundled rails inside this application.

You will get a list of all generators that come with Rails. If you need a detailed description of the helper generator, for example, you can simply do:

2 Creating Your First Generator

Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of Thor. Thor provides powerful options for parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named initializer.rb inside config/initializers.

The first step is to create a file at lib/generators/initializer_generator.rb with the following content:

create_file is a method provided by Thor::Actions. Documentation for create_file and other Thor methods can be found in Thor's documentation

Our new generator is quite simple: it inherits from Rails::Generators::Base and has one method definition. When a generator is invoked, each public method in the generator is executed sequentially in the order that it is defined. Finally, we invoke the create_file method that will create a file at the given destination with the given content. If you are familiar with the Rails Application Templates API, you'll feel right at home with the new generators API.

Psat 2.1 10 User Manual

To invoke our new generator, we just need to do:

Before we go on, let's see our brand new generator description:

Rails is usually able to generate good descriptions if a generator is namespaced, as ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator, but not in this particular case. We can solve this problem in two ways. The first one is calling desc inside our generator:

Now we can see the new description by invoking --help on the new generator. The second way to add a description is by creating a file named USAGE in the same directory as our generator. We are going to do that in the next step.

3 Creating Generators with Generators

Generators themselves have a generator:

This is the generator just created:

First, notice that we are inheriting from Rails::Generators::NamedBase instead of Rails::Generators::Base. This means that our generator expects at least one argument, which will be the name of the initializer, and will be available in our code in the variable name.

We can see that by invoking the description of this new generator (don't forget to delete the old generator file):

We can also see that our new generator has a class method called source_root. This method points to where our generator templates will be placed, if any, and by default it points to the created directory lib/generators/initializer/templates.

In order to understand what a generator template means, let's create the file lib/generators/initializer/templates/initializer.rb with the following content:

And now let's change the generator to copy this template when invoked:

And let's execute our generator:

We can see that now an initializer named core_extensions was created at config/initializers/core_extensions.rb with the contents of our template. That means that copy_file copied a file in our source root to the destination path we gave. The method file_name is automatically created when we inherit from Rails::Generators::NamedBase.

The methods that are available for generators are covered in the final section of this guide.

4 Generators Lookup

When you run bin/rails generate initializer core_extensions Rails requires these files in turn until one is found:

If none is found you get an error message.

The examples above put files under the application's lib because said directory belongs to $LOAD_PATH.

5 Customizing Your Workflow

Rails own generators are flexible enough to let you customize scaffolding. They can be configured in config/application.rb, these are some defaults:

Before we customize our workflow, let's first see what our scaffold looks like:

Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication.

If we want to avoid generating the default app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss file when scaffolding a new resource we can disable scaffold_stylesheet:

The next customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheet and test fixture files for scaffolds altogether. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:

If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheet, JavaScript, and fixture files are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.

To demonstrate this, we are going to create a new helper generator that simply adds some instance variable readers. First, we create a generator within the rails namespace, as this is where rails searches for generators used as hooks:

After that, we can delete both the templates directory and the source_rootclass method call from our new generator, because we are not going to need them.Add the method below, so our generator looks like the following:

We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for products:

And it will generate the following helper file in app/helpers:

Which is what we expected. We can now tell scaffold to use our new helper generator by editing config/application.rb once again:

and see it in action when invoking the generator:

We can notice on the output that our new helper was invoked instead of the Rails default. However one thing is missing, which is tests for our new generator and to do that, we are going to reuse old helpers test generators.

Since Rails 3.0, this is easy to do due to the hooks concept. Our new helper does not need to be focused in one specific test framework, it can simply provide a hook and a test framework just needs to implement this hook in order to be compatible.

To do that, we can change the generator this way:

Now, when the helper generator is invoked and TestUnit is configured as the test framework, it will try to invoke both Rails::TestUnitGenerator and TestUnit::MyHelperGenerator. Since none of those are defined, we can tell our generator to invoke TestUnit::Generators::HelperGenerator instead, which is defined since it's a Rails generator. To do that, we just need to add:

And now you can re-run scaffold for another resource and see it generating tests as well!

6 Customizing Your Workflow by Changing Generators Templates

In the step above we simply wanted to add a line to the generated helper, without adding any extra functionality. There is a simpler way to do that, and it's by replacing the templates of already existing generators, in that case Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator.

In Rails 3.0 and above, generators don't just look in the source root for templates, they also search for templates in other paths. And one of them is lib/templates. Since we want to customize Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator, we can do that by simply making a template copy inside lib/templates/rails/helper with the name helper.rb. So let's create that file with the following content:

and revert the last change in config/application.rb:

If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating edit.html.erb, index.html.erb and so on inside lib/templates/erb/scaffold.

Scaffold templates in Rails frequently use ERB tags; these tags need to beescaped so that the generated output is valid ERB code.

For example, the following escaped ERB tag would be needed in the template(note the extra %)...

...to generate the following output:

7 Adding Generators Fallbacks

One last feature about generators which is quite useful for plugin generators is fallbacks. For example, imagine that you want to add a feature on top of TestUnit like shoulda does. Since TestUnit already implements all generators required by Rails and shoulda just wants to overwrite part of it, there is no need for shoulda to reimplement some generators again, it can simply tell Rails to use a TestUnit generator if none was found under the Shoulda namespace.

We can easily simulate this behavior by changing our config/application.rb once again:

Now, if you create a Comment scaffold, you will see that the shoulda generators are being invoked, and at the end, they are just falling back to TestUnit generators:

Fallbacks allow your generators to have a single responsibility, increasing code reuse and reducing the amount of duplication.

8 Application Templates

Now that you've seen how generators can be used inside an application, did you know they can also be used to generate applications too? This kind of generator is referred to as a 'template'. This is a brief overview of the Templates API. For detailed documentation see the Rails Application Templates guide.

In the above template we specify that the application relies on the rspec-rails and cucumber-rails gem so these two will be added to the test group in the Gemfile. Then we pose a question to the user about whether or not they would like to install Devise. If the user replies 'y' or 'yes' to this question, then the template will add Devise to the Gemfile outside of any group and then runs the devise:install generator. This template then takes the users input and runs the devise generator, with the user's answer from the last question being passed to this generator.

Imagine that this template was in a file called template.rb. We can use it to modify the outcome of the rails new command by using the -m option and passing in the filename:

This command will generate the Thud application, and then apply the template to the generated output.

Templates don't have to be stored on the local system, the -m option also supports online templates:

Whilst the final section of this guide doesn't cover how to generate the most awesome template known to man, it will take you through the methods available at your disposal so that you can develop it yourself. These same methods are also available for generators.

9 Adding Command Line Arguments

Rails generators can be easily modified to accept custom command line arguments. This functionality comes from Thor:

Now our generator can be invoked as follows:

The command line arguments are accessed through the options method inside the generator class. e.g:

10 Generator methods

The following are methods available for both generators and templates for Rails.

Methods provided by Thor are not covered this guide and can be found in Thor's documentation

10.1 gem

Specifies a gem dependency of the application.

Available options are:

  • :group - The group in the Gemfile where this gem should go.
  • :version - The version string of the gem you want to use. Can also be specified as the second argument to the method.
  • :git - The URL to the git repository for this gem.

Any additional options passed to this method are put on the end of the line:

The above code will put the following line into Gemfile:

10.2 gem_group

Wraps gem entries inside a group:

10.3 add_source

Adds a specified source to Gemfile:

This method also takes a block:

10.4 inject_into_file

Injects a block of code into a defined position in your file.

10.5 gsub_file

Replaces text inside a file.

Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use append_file and prepend_file in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.

10.6 application

Adds a line to config/application.rb directly after the application class definition.

This method can also take a block:

User

Available options are:

  • :env - Specify an environment for this configuration option. If you wish to use this option with the block syntax the recommended syntax is as follows:

Psat 2.1 10 User Manual Pdf

10.7 git

Runs the specified git command:

Psat 2.1 10 User Manual Pdf

The values of the hash here being the arguments or options passed to the specific git command. As per the final example shown here, multiple git commands can be specified at a time, but the order of their running is not guaranteed to be the same as the order that they were specified in.

10.8 vendor

Places a file into vendor which contains the specified code.

This method also takes a block:

10.9 lib

Places a file into lib which contains the specified code.

This method also takes a block:

10.10 rakefile

Creates a Rake file in the lib/tasks directory of the application.

This method also takes a block:

10.11 initializer

Creates an initializer in the config/initializers directory of the application:

This method also takes a block, expected to return a string:

10.12 generate

Runs the specified generator where the first argument is the generator name and the remaining arguments are passed directly to the generator.

10.13 rake

Runs the specified Rake task.

Available options are:

  • :env - Specifies the environment in which to run this rake task.
  • :sudo - Whether or not to run this task using sudo. Defaults to false.

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10.14 route

Adds text to the config/routes.rb file:

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10.15 readme

Output the contents of a file in the template's source_path, usually a README.

Feedback

You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.

Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors. To get started, you can read our documentation contributions section.

You may also find incomplete content or stuff that is not up to date. Please do add any missing documentation for main. Make sure to check Edge Guides first to verify if the issues are already fixed or not on the main branch. Check the Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines for style and conventions.

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If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please open an issue.

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And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails documentation is very welcome on the rubyonrails-docs mailing list.